An optical fiber cable typically includes a core, cladding, buffer coating, strength members, and an outer jacket.

Core

The core is the central part of the optical fiber where light signals are transmitted. It is usually made of ultra-pure glass (silicon dioxide) or sometimes plastic, and its diameter varies depending on the fiber type: single-mode fibers have cores around 8–10 microns, while multimode fibers range from 50 to 62.5 microns. The core's high refractive index allows it to guide light efficiently over long distances .

Cladding

Surrounding the core is the cladding, a layer of glass or plastic with a lower refractive index. The cladding reflects light back into the core through total internal reflection, minimizing signal loss and maintaining the integrity of the transmitted data .

Buffer Coating

The buffer coating (or primary coating) is a protective layer applied over the cladding. Typically made of plastic, it shields the fiber from mechanical damage, moisture, and environmental stress while providing some flexibility. The thickness of the coating can vary to balance protection and flexibility .

Strength Members

Strength members are materials embedded within or surrounding the fiber to provide tensile strength and prevent breakage during installation or operation. Common materials include aramid fibers (Kevlar), steel rods, or glass-reinforced plastics. They help the cable withstand pulling, bending, and stretching forces .

Outer Jacket

The outer jacket is the external protective layer of the cable. It shields the internal components from physical damage, UV exposure, moisture, and chemical hazards. Jacket materials are chosen based on the cable's application, such as indoor, outdoor, direct burial, or submarine environments .

Additional Features

Some optical fiber cables may include ripcords for easy jacket removal, armoring for extra protection in harsh environments, or water-blocking materials to prevent moisture ingress in outdoor or undersea installations . These components work together to ensure efficient light transmission, mechanical durability, and environmental protection, making optical fiber cables suitable for high-speed data communication across various applications .